Diabetes - Type 1

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and other signs, as distinct from a single disease or condition. The World Health Organization recognizes three main forms of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, which have similar signs, symptoms, and consequences, but different causes and population distributions. Type 1 is usually due to autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells which produce insulin. Type 2 is characterized by tissue-wide insulin resistance and varies widely; it sometimes progresses to loss of beta cell function. Gestational diabetes is similar to type 2 diabetes, in that it involves insulin resistance; the hormones of pregnancy cause insulin resistance in those women genetically predisposed to developing this condition.

Types 1 and 2 are incurable chronic conditions, but have been treatable since insulin became medically available in 1921, and are nowadays usually managed with a combination of dietary treatment, tablets and frequently insulin. Gestational diabetes typically resolves with delivery.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus—formerly known as insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), childhood diabetes, is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas leading to a deficiency of insulin. It should be noted that there is no known preventative measure that can be taken against type 1 diabetes. Most people affected by type 1 diabetes are otherwise healthy and of a healthy weight when onset occurs. Diet and exercise cannot reverse or prevent type 1 diabetes. Sensitivity and responsiveness to insulin are usually normal, especially in the early stages. This type comprises up to 10% of total cases in North America and Europe, though this varies by geographical location. This type of diabetes can affect children or adults but was traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes" because it represents a majority of cases of diabetes affecting children.

The most common cause of beta cell loss leading to type 1 diabetes is autoimmune destruction, accompanied by antibodies directed against insulin and islet cell proteins. The principal treatment of type 1 diabetes, even from the earliest stages, is replacement of insulin. Without insulin, ketosis and diabetic ketoacidosis can develop and coma or death will result.

Currently, type 1 diabetes can be treated only with insulin, with careful monitoring of blood glucose levels using blood testing monitors. Emphasis is also placed on lifestyle adjustments (diet and exercise). Apart from the common subcutaneous injections, it is also possible to deliver insulin by a pump, which allows continuous infusion of insulin 24 hours a day at preset levels and the ability to program doses of insulin as needed at meal times. It is also possible to deliver insulin with an inhaled powder.

Type 1 treatment must be continued indefinitely. Treatment does not impair normal activities, if sufficient awareness, appropriate care, and discipline in testing and medication is taken. The average glucose level for the type 1 patient should be as close to normal (80–120 mg/dl, 4–6 mmol/l) as possible. Some physicians suggest up to 140–150 mg/dl (7-7.5 mmol/l) for those having trouble with lower values, such as frequent hypoglycemic events. Values above 200 mg/dl (10 mmol/l) are often accompanied by discomfort and frequent urination leading to dehydration. Values above 300 mg/dl (15 mmol/l) usually require immediate treatment and may lead to ketoacidosis. Low levels of blood glucose, called hypoglycemia, may lead to seizures or episodes of unconsciousness.

...More at Wikipedia

Related Links:

• American Diabetes Association
• US National Library of Medicine
• Mayo Clinic

Recent Hope Cube Blog Entries For Diabetes - Type 1

• For Teens Thu, August 16, 2007 - [view]
  I was diagnosed in January 07. So I'm still new to it. So far it has been a huge problem. It came as a shock and it wasn't where I planned for my life. But sometimes u have to take life's raw deals. But my questian is how do u join a support group? Wheather its on the net or in your own town.
• Saying hello! Tue, August 14, 2007 - [view]
  Hi there, HopeCubers. My name is Kerri Morrone and I have been living with type 1 diabetes for almost 21 years. I'm just becoming more familiar with HopeCube and checking out the features. I'd love to have you leave a "hello!" or visit me on my diabetes blog at Six Until Me. Looking forward to meeting all of you! -- Kerri.